Games?

Yes, this time we are going to be looking at making games. No, I'm not that good a Pygame, before you all start hounding me in the comments. That's because I prefer the more classical approach of using the CLI for graphics in Python. However, I can show you the basics, so let's do that.

Pygame

Pygame is one of the most, if not, the most well known Python module for games (although, I prefer Pyxel for it's retro feel). So, why not start with that. First, like always, we need to import our modules:

import pygame

pygame is not part of the standard library, so make sure that you use pip or Repl's Package Manager to install it before running the code.

@JohnBerliner2

If you are using Repl, you should use the Pygame found in the language choices, this way pygame is installed, and you can test the game out in Repl.

Make The Game Already!

Okay, okay. So, first we must initialise pygame, like so:

# initialise pygame
pygame.init()

This gets pygame ready to use, so don't forget this step. Now, let's get ourscreen and clock:

# Create our screen with a width and height
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((32*8, 32*8))
# Make our pygame clock
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

First of all, we make our screen by using pygame.display.set_mode(), this takes in a tuple containing the width and height of the screen. We will be using 32*8 as our character is going to be 32 x 32. This will make it so that there is going to be 8 spaces for it to move in. The clock will later be used to set the games FPS.

Let's now make some colours:

# Let's predefine some colors for clarity, these are easy on the eyes, and look good
DARK = (50, 50, 50)
LIGHT = (210, 210, 210)

These are stored in tuples, where the first value is red, then green, the blue. This matches the colour system which uses the good old RGB system. The reasoning behind the two chose colours is that:

• I use them all the time.
• They look good.
• They are easy on the eyes.
• They are easily distinguishable.

That's it, you can make them whatever you want them to be, but I like these two. Now we will make a rectangle and surface for that rectangle:

# Let's make a rectangle, with x and y and width an height
rect = pygame.Rect((0, 0), (32, 32))
# Then make a surface with a width and height
surface = pygame.Surface((32, 32))
# And fill the surface with a color
surface.fill(LIGHT)

The rectangle rect has a tuple with its x and y, and one for its width and height. This is so we know where to put it, and its dimensions. Then we also have the surface which has the same width and height as the rect. We will then fill() that surface with the LIGHT colour.

Now let's start our game loop:

# Start our game loop
while True:
  # Let's set the clock's FPS to 60
  clock.tick(60)

This will loop forever, setting the clock.tick() to 60, which is our FPS. Now let's add some events in!

The first one will check to see if the user closes the window:

# Now we can start the event loop
  for event in pygame.event.get():
    # If the event type is QUIT
    if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
      # Then we end pygame
      pygame.quit()
      # And quit the program
      quit()

We get each event that has collected in pygame.event.get(). We then check if the event's type is pygame.QUIT, if so then we end the pygame instance and quit() the program. This checks to see if the user has pressed thex` button to close the window.

Now for player movement:

# Otherwise, if a key is down
    elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
      # And that key is w
      if event.key == pygame.K_w:
        # Move the rectangle up
        rect.move_ip(0, -32)

      # And that key is s
      elif event.key == pygame.K_s:
        # Move the rectangle down
        rect.move_ip(0, 32)

      # And that key is a
      elif event.key == pygame.K_a:
        # Move the rectangle left
        rect.move_ip(-32, 0)

      # And that key is d
      elif event.key == pygame.K_d:
        # Move the rectangle right
        rect.move_ip(32, 0)

Once again, we check to see if the event type is pygame.KEYDOWN. If so, we then check if the key that is down is either w, s, a or d. If it is one of these, then we move the rect using rect.ip_move(), using a tuple to specify how much to move in the 2D window. I'm using 32 as the speed here, as it snaps the player over by one, if you imagine it as a grid.

pygame, like most other game modules, uses a Cartesian Coordinate System, from top left, to bottom right. this means that the top left most point is 0, 0, and the bottom right most point is width, height. So we have to use negatives to go up/left, or positive to go down/right.

Using the Cartesian Coordinate System, the horizontal and vertical are instead called x and y. So, if we wanted to move left, we would move -32 on the x, and 0 on the y`.

If you don't understand this system still, then have a look at this reference. I hope it helps.

So this is our player movement all done. Phew.

Now, all we have to do is the rest of the update:

# Clear the screen by filling it
  screen.fill(DARK)
  # Then blit (add to the buffer) our surface with our rectangle on
  screen.blit(surface, rect)
  # Then update the display to show the buffer
  pygame.display.update()

Which consists of us clearing the screen by filling it in with the DARK colour using screen.fill(). The we blit surface to rect and add it to the buffer. And then call pygame.disply.update() to show what we have.

When you run this, you should see an off-white square, which you can move with wasd. It's simple, but you can make it into so much more.

Conclusion

You should finally be able to make games using Pygame. This was only a simple example, so try to expand it into something more interesting. Hope you enjoyed the tutorial.

Have a great day!

P.S
This tutorial is the last in a series of tutorials suggested by @enigma_dev .
If you have any suggestions for tutorials, leave them in the comments and I'll be sure to have a look. If you like one in the comments, then give it an up vote to show that you want to see it. It makes my life so much more easier. Thanks in advance!